Please respond to 1,2,3 on each section. 130 words reply to each one (6 replies in total) and include a question in the last paragraph of each reply. Also each reply (1,2,3) should have 1 peer-reviewed article within the past 5years. Indicate each reference under each reply.NO reference page. Thank you!
A- Population Health
1. The health of a society is deeply influenced by governmental policies at various levels, and health education is a crucial factor in shaping public health outcomes. The federal government provides support for the development of the knowledge and creation of the tools needed to carry out more effectively the regulator, purchaser, and health care delivery roles ( NASEM, 2003). The federal government has played a major role in health care over the past half century from the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965—ensuring access to insurance coverage for a large portion of the U.S. population—to multiple pieces of legislation from the 1980s to early 2000s that protect individuals under employer-sponsored health insurance and expanded federal healthcare programs (Straube, 2013). Future policy changes supporting transparency and public accountability for health and wellness will be necessary to meet the population health promise (Nash et al., 2021). The way the political system is organized powerfully affects the quality of health care and the way it is delivered (Institute of Medicine, 2007). Governmental policies at local, state, and national levels create the framework for public health, influencing everything from healthcare access to environmental issues. 2. State policies impact health on a broader scale such as setting state vaccination requirements. For example, the Texas Department of State Health Services oversees vaccination programs and public health education, including establishing immunization requirements for schools within the Texas education system (Texas Department of State Health Services, 2024). As for government on the national level, Medicare and Medicaid are two policies that have largely impacted the health of the nation. Medicare provides insurance to people over the age of 65 and Medicaid covers medical costs for those in low income households (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). Health education programs play a crucial role at all levels of government. In my experience as a nurse care manager, I’ve seen firsthand the positive impact of health education on patient outcomes. I provide education to patients about their disease processes and strategies for effective management to increase their health literacy and improve their overall health. Imagine the transformative impact that well-implemented health education programs could have at all levels of government. By providing accessible information and resources, we can empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health, leading to healthier communities and improved overall well-being.
3. Governmental policies profoundly influence society’s health at the local, state, and national levels. They help provide communities with healthcare access and resources. On a local level, governmental policies offer communities access to community health programs and vaccination clinics. According to Haldane et al. (2019), community participation has been identified as a critical element in implementing strategies for promoting and preventing chronic diseases. My organization has helped with this by providing our community with a flu clinic. It encourages our chronic patients to get vaccinated while away from the hospital, but it also encourages siblings and families to get vaccinated. On a state level, it gives individuals insurance regulations and helps hospitals with funding. Lastly, on a national level, there are many things that governmental policies can help with regarding the health of a society. One specific example is the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act imposes nationwide insurance regulations to exclude denying health insurance based on health and to set premiums according to health status (Gruber & Sommers, 2019). This national government policy allows many individuals to obtain health insurance at a reasonable price.
Please respond to 1,2,3 on each section. 100 words reply to each one (6 replies in total) and include a question in the last paragraph of each reply. Also each reply (1,2,3) should have 1 peer-reviewed article within the past 5years. Indicate each reference under each reply. Thank you!
B- Health Policy
1. The development of the US healthcare system has been greatly impacted by a number of distributive justice theories. The goal of utilitarianism is to maximize wellbeing for all individuals by giving priority to laws that will benefit the largest number of people. This idea has influenced public health activities with the goal of optimizing population health outcomes, such as immunization campaigns. However, because they might not reflect the majority, utilitarianism might ignore the needs of those in minority groups or those who have uncommon diseases. Egalitarianism promotes equal opportunity for all people and calls for everyone to have access to healthcare, regardless of socioeconomic background. By providing more Americans who were previously uninsured or underinsured with access to healthcare, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) embodies egalitarian ideas (Sommers et al., 2015). Libertarianism, on the other hand, emphasizes personal accountability and contends that market forces should control healthcare with little interference. This strategy has resulted in gaps in access to care, especially for those who cannot afford it, as seen by the US’s reliance on private insurance (Blumenthal et al., 2015).
2. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness or utility by allocating resources in a way that produces the greatest good for the greatest number. In healthcare, this often translates to prioritizing cost-effectiveness and interventions that provide the most significant benefits to the largest number of people (Holtzman & Schwartzstein, 2020; Graber, 2019). Utilitarian approaches have influenced public health policies that emphasize preventive care, vaccination programs, and the efficient use of resources to achieve broad population health improvements. Marxist theory views healthcare as a fundamental right that should be equally accessible to all, reflecting a broader critique of capitalist systems that perpetuate inequality. Marxist perspectives argue for the dismantling of profit-driven healthcare models and advocate for a system that prioritizes human need over financial gain. This perspective has impacted discussions about the U.S. healthcare system by highlighting issues of inequality and advocating for reforms that ensure equitable access to care regardless of socioeconomic status (Graber, 2019).